Dati di Perforazione dei Munizioni Anticarro Italiane della Seconda Guerra Mondiale
Fiat/Spa AB40 Autoblindo autoblindo equipped con due mitragliatrici da 8 mm. The RAFM model is from the collection of Patrick Storto. Later versions of the vehicle sported 20 mm L.65 Breda (AB41) o 47 mm L.32 Fiat guns (AB43).
The table lists armour penetration values for Italian guns da 0 al 100 metri range e 0 degrees inclination of armour. Dates indicate the year when a particular shell type entered production, not necessarily the year of availability to combat units. New shell types would take several months to reach the troops at the front, some favoured units receiving the new shells more quickly than others. Andrew Mark Reid is the author of Panzergranate, a set of regolamenti di wargame using prudentamente researched gunnery data to simulate armour penetration results.
| Weapon | Shell Type | Penetration |
|---|---|---|
| 8 mm Breda M37 HMG | "K" Bullet | 13 mm |
| Carro Veloce L3/33 e L3/35 had twin 8 mm Breda MGs. Apparently, there was even a version of the L3 Tankette con a roof-mounted 45 mm Brixia mortar in addition to the twin MGs. The Brixia was a magazine-fed, breech-loaded, e trigger-fired mortar con a theoretical rate of fire of 25 to 30 colpi al minuto. | ||
| 8 mm Fiat (Revelli) M35 HMG | "K" Bullet | 13 mm |
| 13.2 mm Breda M31 HMG | A.P. | 29 mm |
| Mounted on the Carro Veloce L3/38 Tankette. | ||
| 14 mm Radom Anti-Tank Rifle (polacco) | A.P. | - |
| 20 mm S.18/100 Solothurn Anti-Tank Rifle | A.P. | 38 mm |
| Mounted on a variant of the Carro Veloce L3/35 Tankette. | ||
| Cannone contraerei/anticarro da 20 mm L.65 Breda | A.P. | 36 mm |
| 20 mm L.77 Scotti Anti-tank Gun | A.P. | 43 mm |
| 37 mm L.33 High Velocity Tank Gun | A.P. (Carbon Steel) | 42 mm |
| Main armament of the carro armato leggero Fiat 3000 M21, built in the 1920s. This was the first high velocity gun purposely built to destroy tanks, all other tank ed anti-tank weapons were adaptations of cannoni navali, da campagna o contraerei. It also started the move away from A.P.H.E. to Solid Shot. The performance may seem paltry when compared con larger guns o even 47 mm low velocity guns, but a tank can carry more of the smaller 37 mm rounds, so logistics come into play here. As the average target tank carried only 8 to 14 mm of armour, this gun was the "88 mm" of its day. 20 mm e 25 mm guns also became popular during the 1930s, because Manganese Steel A.P. rounds improved the performance enough to allow weapons this small. | ||
| 37 mm L.40 Vickers-Terni Tank Gun | A.P. | 58 mm |
| Main armament of the carro armato medio Fiat/Ansaldo/Fossati M11/39. The Vickers/Terni has a calculated performance of 58 mm da 0 al 100 metri range if modelled on the 37 mm L.45 PaK 35 gun. Modelled on the 2 pdr (40 mm L.52) britannico, penetration would be 60 mm, o 55 mm if the Vickers 3 pdr (47 mm L.41) is used as the basis for the calculation. | ||
| 37 mm L.45 Anti-tank Gun (PaK 35 copy) | A.P. | 65 mm |
| 37 mm L.54 Breda Anti-tank Gun | A.P. | 78 mm |
| 47 mm L.32 Fiat 47/32 M37 Tank Gun | A.P. (M.1935) | 58 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 112 mm | |
| Main armament of the carro armato medio Fiat M13/40. The 47/32 was a self-loading weapon, con a circular magazine tray attached to the torretta ring. This gave the Fiat M13/40 the same high rate of fire as that of a vehicle con una crew di torretta a tre soldati. The Effeto Pronto shell had an unusual size for a hollow-charge, because 75 mm is regarded as the smallest practical size for an effective H.E.A.T. shell. Performance of the 47 mm Effeto Pronto shell would be slightly less than that of the 50 mm Bazooka round. | ||
| 47 mm L.36 Breda 47/32 M35 Anti-tank Gun | A.P. (M.1935) | 64 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 112 mm | |
| A licensed version of the cannone anticarro austriaco Böhler, manufactured by Breda e supplied all’armate italani, Finnish, e romeni. An upgraded Modello 39 appeared shortly before the war, e there are pictures showing this weapon con a gun shield. Nevertheless, many of the Breda 47/32 M39 guns seem to have been deployed in combat without the shield. The tank destroyer version of the carro armato leggero L6/40, designated Carro Semovente L40, mounted the Breda 47/32 L.36 in an open-topped hull. L6/40 carri armati leggeri were also converted to Porta Munizione L40 which carried 66 colpi of ammunition for the Semovente 90/53. | ||
| 47 mm L.44 Tank Gun da 47/40 | A.P. | 78 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 112 mm | |
| Main armament of the carro armato medio Fiat/Ansaldo/Fossati M15/42. There is a possibility that this gun is actually the cannone anticarro Czech da 47 mm L.43 which was captured by the Wehrmacht, e which saw service as late as the 1944 campagna di Normandia. Only tre were used nella Normandia, but, if the Germans had enough of these guns in inventory, many more may have been passed on to the Italian army in previous years. If the Italian 47/40 is indeed the Czech 47 mm L.43, its performance would be 86 mm at 0-100 metres. | ||
| 47 mm L.52 Tank Gun da 47/48 | A.P. | 93 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 112 mm | |
| 65 mm L.17.7 Arsenal Turin 65/17 Mountain Gun | A.P. | 37 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 120 mm | |
| Main armament of the carri pesanti Fiat 2000 della prima guerra mondiale, e still in service as an fanteria support weapon tra la seconda guerra mondiale. The gun was probably based on the 65 mm M.06 Schneider mountain gun. | ||
| 75 mm L.25 Semovente da 75/18 S.P. Gun | A.P. | 59 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 120 mm | |
| Main armament of the Carro Semovente M40 e M42 da 75/18, a self-propelled howitzer based on the carro armato medio M13/40. Period photos show these veicoli con a variety of improvised protection consisting of spare track sections, e sandbags applied to supplement the flimsy armour of the M13/40. The gun is either the same as o very similar al cannone francese da 75 mm L.25 Schneider-Canet M.98/00 della cavalleria. | ||
| 75 mm L.30 Field Gun da 75/27 | A.P. | 71 mm |
| Main armament of the Autocanonne 75/27, a portee version of the field gun mounted on the Italian SPA-35 truck. There also existed a Semovente da 75/27. The gun is supposed to be a copy of the German 75 mm L.30 Krupp M.1906 field gun, which in turn may have been inspired by the cannone da campagna M.1897 Puteaux francese. | ||
| 75 mm L.36.3 Puteaux M.1897 Field Gun | A.P. | 90 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 120 mm | |
| Italian 75 mm field guns would normally employ the effeto pronto shell against static targets like pillboxes e bunkers. With a few exceptions, like the 25 pdr britannico, field guns were not equipped con telescopic sights which would have facilitated targeting a moving vehicle. The typical field artiglieria anti-tank firing procedure involved sighting through the barrel, ready to load e fire a quick shot as soon as the target appeared. | ||
| 75 mm L.36.6 Semovente da 75/32 | A.P. | 86 mm |
| The 75 mm L.36.6 Ansaldo field gun was converted to a cannone anticarro, ed it was mounted on the inofficial 75/32 variant of the Semovente M41 75/18. The gun is either a copy of the cannone da campagna da 75 mm L.36.6 Schneider M.1914 francese o it may be a Schneider export in Italian inventory. | ||
| 75 mm L.38 Breda 75/34 Tank Gun | A.P. | 90 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 120 mm | |
| Main armament of the carro armato pesante Fiat/Ansaldo P40, e the Semovente 75/34 mounted on M42 e M43 hulls. | ||
| 75 mm L.50? Breda 75/46 M.34 Anti-Tank Gun | A.P. | 115 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 120 mm | |
| Main armament of the Semovente M43 da 75/46, a German variant combining confiscated cannoni e veicoli italiani. The confirmed range test performance of the A.P. round fired by the Breda 75/46 is surprisingly low compared col cannone anticarro da 75 mm L.48 PaK 39 tedesco o da 75 mm Resita romeno, copy of the same weapon, both of which penetrate 144 mm of homogeneous armour. A probable explanation is that the Breda 75/46 entered service too late in the war to have dedicated ammunition production set up for it. Shorter 75/34 cartridges may have been used in the interim period, e their smaller explosive charge would explain the lack of performance. The 75/46 M.34 appears to have been based on an obsolete cannone contraerei of WW1 vintage, possibly the cannone contraerei da 75 mm Puteaux francese. | ||
| 88 mm L.59 | A.P. | 206 mm |
| A.P.C.R. | 260 mm | |
| A modification of the 90 mm L.58 which fired available German 88 mm ammunition. If the modification was done after the Italian armistice of settembre 1943, these guns were probably used by Italian units which remained loyal to the Germans. | ||
| 90 mm L.58 Semovente da 90/53 | A.P. | 206 mm |
| The 90 mm L.58 was mounted on the Italian Carro Semovente M41 da 90/53 tank destroyer. The vehicle used only the lower hull of the M13/40 tank. The guidatore sat in a well at the front of the vehicle, he was exposed. The gun crew rode on the vehicle, e stood behind the unshielded gun when in action. The vehicle carried only six rounds of ammunition, ed it was accompanied into battle by a Porta Munizione L40 which transported another 66 colpi. Semovente 90/53 tank destroyers were used in action during the Invasion of Sicily in 1943, e they were either captured intact o knocked out in the course of the campaign. It would be very simple to convert an ESCI M13/40 to this vehicle using the Airfix 88 mm FlaK gun. Pictures of the Semovente 90/53 can be found in "The Encyclopaedia of Military Vehicles" published in 1980. This new information means that the Italian 88 mm L.71 did not exist, e that pictures con this reference actually show 90 mm L.58 FlaK guns. The due weapons are almost identical, e the 90 mm L.58 was sometimes refered to as the Italian 88. | ||
| 100 mm L.22 Field Gun 100/17 | A.P. | 75 mm |
| The 100/17 is probably a copy of the 100 mm L.22 Skoda field gun. | ||
| 102 mm L.39 Autocanonne 102/35 | A.P. | 157 mm |
| Mounted on the Milmart (Naval Blackshirt) Autocanonne 102/35, ed used con great success at the battle of Bir el Gobi by the Giovanni Fascisti (Young Fascists) Regiment. | ||
| 102 mm L.44 Semovente da 102/40 | A.P. | 178 mm |
| Mounted on the Semovente Tipo-102, an armoured Tank Destroyer a 6 ruote. The vehicle may have been based on the autocarro Dovunque, it had a well sloped front ed an open fighting compartment. A variant of the same vehicle mounted the 90/53 gun, but it is not certain that either of them were used in combat. | ||
| 105 mm L.28 Semovente da 105/25 | A.P. | 76 mm |
| E.P. "Effeto Pronto" | 121 mm | |
| Main armament of the Semovente M43 105/25. The weapon may be a licensed version of the German 105 mm L.28 howitzer mounted in StuH 42 assault howitzer. | ||
| 120 mm L.48 Semovente da 120/44 | A.P. | 228 mm |
| Main armament of the Semovente 120/44 which may not have progressed beyond the prototype stage. The vehicle was similar to the Semovente M41 90/53. | ||
| 149 mm L.44 Semovente da 149/40 | A.P. | 259 mm |
| Main armament of the Carro Semovente Fiat/Ansaldo da 149/40. The weapon may be a licensed Czech gun. | ||
There is a noticeable difference between official Italian denominazioni like that of the Breda 47/32 e the actual 47 mm L.36 measurements of the same weapon. Apparently, the Italian army used a system of barrel measurement which accounted only for the rifled section of the barrel, ignoring the smoothbore section against which the cartridge rested, but which did contribute to the overall velocity of the shell. Why this measuring system was used, is not immediately apparent. The armata francese measured its artiglieria in this way in WW1, but adopted the standard European measurement later. The Italian calibre length denominazioni conveniently disguise the origins of several delle armi listed above, e this may have been intented. Upon closer inspection, we have been able to match several cannoni italiani to le armi of other nations they were based on.
Many cannoni e veicoli italiani were captured by forze alleate nel Nordafrica, e they were used by a number of Commonwealth formations. Equipaggiamento captured at Tobruk in 1940 was transferred to the Greek army, but it did not perform well when the Wehrmacht invaded the Balkans.
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Soldatini Italiani della Seconda Guerra Mondiale
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